Visual Tools
Calculators
Tables
Mathematical Keyboard
Converters
Other Tools


Prime Numbers


Prime Number Tool

Every answer takes you to the table. Pick a question:

Last-digit color guide
2 (only even prime)5 (only prime in 5)ends in 1ends in 3ends in 7ends in 9

Every prime greater than 5 ends in 1, 3, 7, or 9. The primes 2 and 5 are the only exceptions — the only ones ending in their respective digits. Showing all 168 primes up to 1000.

2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
53
59
61
67
71
73
79
83
89
97
101
103
107
109
113
127
131
137
139
149
151
157
163
167
173
179
181
191
193
197
199
211
223
227
229
233
239
241
251
257
263
269
271
277
281
283
293
307
311
313
317
331
337
347
349
353
359
367
373
379
383
389
397
401
409
419
421
431
433
439
443
449
457
461
463
467
479
487
491
499
503
509
521
523
541
547
557
563
569
571
577
587
593
599
601
607
613
617
619
631
641
643
647
653
659
661
673
677
683
691
701
709
719
727
733
739
743
751
757
761
769
773
787
797
809
811
821
823
827
829
839
853
857
859
863
877
881
883
887
907
911
919
929
937
941
947
953
967
971
977
983
991
997

Patterns to explore

Click a card to highlight every matching prime in the table above.

Twin primes

Primes p where p+2 or p−2 is also prime — pairs like (3,5), (11,13), (17,19), (29,31).

69 in tableClick to highlight
2p+1

Sophie Germain primes

Primes p where 2p+1 is also prime. Key in number theory and cryptography.

37 in tableClick to highlight

Palindromic primes

Primes that read the same forwards and backwards (excluding single digits).

16 in tableClick to highlight
4k+1

Primes ≡ 1 (mod 4)

Primes of the form 4k+1. By Fermat’s theorem, exactly these are expressible as a sum of two squares.

80 in tableClick to highlight
2ᵖ−1

Mersenne exponents

Primes p where 2ᵖ − 1 is also prime — the exponents of Mersenne primes.

14 in tableClick to highlight

Properties of primes

Foundational facts that govern the distribution of prime numbers.

Infinitely many primes

Euclid’s proof: suppose only finitely many primes p₁, p₂, …, pₙ. Then N = p₁ p₂ ⋯ pₙ + 1 isn’t divisible by any of them, so either N is prime or has a new prime divisor. Either way, a contradiction.

π

Prime counting function

π(n), the count of primes ≤ n, grows like n/ln(n). The 25 highlighted cells below are the primes under 100 — 25% density that thins out as n grows.

π(100)=25, π(1000)=168, π(10000)=1229
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
d

Last-digit rule

Every prime greater than 5 ends in 1, 3, 7, or 9. Numbers ending in 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, or 8 are composite (with 2 and 5 themselves as the only exceptions).

127, 131, 137, 139 — four consecutive valid endings

Sum of two squares

A prime p > 2 can be written as a² + b² for positive integers a, b iff p ≡ 1 (mod 4). Fermat’s theorem on sums of two squares.

5 = 1² + 2² · 13 = 2² + 3² · 29 = 2² + 5²
Loading...