The modulo operation finds the remainder when one number is divided by another. Mathematically, if we have a ÷ b = q with remainder r, then a mod b = r. The result is always in the range [0, b-1] for positive b. This operation is fundamental in computer science, appearing in hash functions, random number generation, and cryptography.
Tip: Understanding modular arithmetic is fundamental to many areas, including cryptography, computer science, and number theory.